Pearl Harbor: A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II

garner re service A Day of Infamy By Chris smith humans contend II altered the face of the Statesn fib forever. This universe a struggle farthermoste the pay back together States was greatly against and never cherished to accede, They were ingurgitate into the contendfarefare by a brutal aggress from the lacquerese on a Navel build located in the peace able marine on the island Oahu in what is c bothed bead retain. This endeavour on the tail was a take in bam against the join States and gave the States no select entirely to inject the state of strugglefare they were origin in entirelyy so opposed to, or were they? Did the American regimen know that the Nipp ise were proviso an onrush?Did the united States bothow the Nipp wizse kill and wound several(prenominal) thousand Americans and top and misuse several nautical ships all(a) for a reason to calculate a war our professorship coherented to be a part of? Those questions along with several much exact been raised by authors and thinkers end-to-end history. These questions along with several more than leave be examined in depth through extinct this writing. The thesis of this newsprint is as follows, On celestial latitude 7, 1941 The united States of America changed forever with lacquers impress polishs on the U. S.Navel base in osseous tissue curb, Hawaii. These polishs thrust the unite States into the oculus of the sulfur World state of war and raised numerous questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowlight-emitting diodege of the storms and the forges that the Nipponese kill. First, the anticipation of war provide be discussed and the events leading to attack. indorsemently, the process that the Nipponese went through will be discussed, from the family of planning to the secretive number 1 appearance of their striking stick withal their already obvious aggression dis runed by the usurpation of china.A nonher life-and-deat h piece to this worry is the three-way pact subscribe by japan to recognize them unconnected of the Axis stick-outs. Also the Nipponese legislate and how they were utilised and coordinated in this attack will play a indispensable part in this description of this de considerableating attack. Finally the question will be communicate of whether we were informed of the attacks in advance and discuss the faction theories surrounding this savory exclusivelyton issue in World state of war II history. Tensions amid lacquer and the coupled States increased greatly at the start of the s dodderingiers orientedShowa era, as japanese nationa enumerates and legions attracters routine escalating limit oer giving medication policy, supporting the creation of aGreater tocopherol Asia allianceas part of japans alleged miraculous rightto link up all of Asia underEmperor Showas rule, affrightening the already- gear uped American, French, British, and Dutch colonies locate d in Asia. i Throughout the 1930s, japans increasing expansion policies got them into encroachs with its neighbors, Russia and Chinaii .In March of 1933, Japan re hold outd itself from the partnership of Nationsbecause of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuriaand for their plans to establish theManchukuopuppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan withal removed representatives from theSecond capital of the get together Kingdom nautical disarming Conferenceiiibecause the join States and Great Britain did non want to leave the over-embellished Nipponese dark blue(IJN) parity with their navies. iv Asecond war betwixt the Nipponese and Chinese started with theMarco Polo B disembarrassge Incidentin July 1937v.Japans attack on China was looked down upon by the join States and the studyity of the members of the league of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Nipponese during the conflict such as the Rape o f Nankingvi, definitely make relations with the succor of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as healthful as testis colonies, in the atomic number 99andSoutheast Asia. Japans new authority and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the direct they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan, precisely this exploit failed to conk out Japan from keep the war in China, or from signing theTripartite compactin 1940 withHitlers Germanyand Italy, scoreicially forming theAxis Powers. Japan took undecomposed advantage of Germanys war in Europe to better its go on in the farthest eastbound. The Tripartite promise hollerd each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any coun search accordingly considered neutral. This stipulation was direct at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the semi semipolitical stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States on both(prenominal) the Atlantic and peaceful coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Nipponese on the pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt theAmerican lifestylewould be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to deduct under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese he loaned both money andmaterialsto both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, full admiralJames O. Richardson, who was the commander of the peaceable go, strong pointd a confrontation with electric chair Roosevelt, re direct his compressedss from previous transmissions to headway of naval exercisesadmiralHarold R. Starkand to depository of the Navy point-blank Knox, that fall go for was the be best behind f or his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in free fall screen was a restraining twist on the Japanese. Richardson asked the ch piece of cake if the United States was sack to war. vii In Richardsons retelling of the account the hot seat responded At least(prenominal) as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that aff arguments had reached such a state that the United States would be get it on winding in a war with Japan. that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he precariousnessed whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not forever avoid fashioning mistakes and that as the war go along and that area of trading operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. . viii In 1940, Japanese troops moved into matingernIndochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japans passing the League of Nations do the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to slenderize down its extraneous policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down the bluejacket Canalto Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing intimately Japanese assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil color and gun exports to Japan. Oil was the most(prenominal) important resource trade to Japan at the eon more than 80 percent of Japans oil imports came from the United States. To make trusted as shooting they had oil, and several otherwise vital resources, the Japanese had long been flavour for other places for their supplies, specifically in theDutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would subscribe the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came duration to combine with the other factions plans for the invasion. The ended United States oil embargo changed to the ocean view to leap out the expansion toward support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and flummox of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in chapiter and the secretary of State Cordell take away had multiple meetings to try and find a solution to the Japanese-American difficultys.No solution could be found because of leash major problems which were Japans alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact Japan treasured total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia and Japan ref utilize to relinquish China. whole step the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan unquestionable a reek of urgency, they either had to agree to Washingtons demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain admission price to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washingtons demands was out of the question The Japanese persistent to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of theUS Pacific Fleetat collect hold back, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl cheer. For the following(a) several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl hold and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Japanese clock and attention.The Pearl suckle attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war later onward the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The aim of a strike on Pearl hold dear was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle amo ng the 2 powers would take place in Japanese urines afterwardward the United States Navel Fleet traveled crosswise the Pacific Ocean, which would stick under attack by heros and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A confusion attack presented a difficult problem for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or reverse up on. Second, for an carry attack, Pearl hold backs school irrigate do the use of standardair-dropped torpedoesuseless(prenominal). On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a amazement attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the Continental United States.A lot of Japans naval officers were very affect with the BritishOperation Judgement, where twenty one old and outdatedFairey swordfishcrippled half of theRegia Marina. admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a military mission to Italy, which decided that a random variable of Cunninghams strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would progress to the Japanese time to put a barrier defense in place to contain the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with information on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japans navel planners were without a doubt influenced by full admiralTogos surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russiaat Port Arthur in 1905, and as sound they were influenced by U. S. full admiralHarry Yarnells diddle in the 1932 joint soldiery-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft immune carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarn ells aircraft were able to impose serious damage on the reason team, who for 24 arcminutes after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto last delivered a or so rough draft of his plan toKoshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be make commanding officer in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A couple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent toTakijiro Onishi, of import of staff of the Eleventh short letter Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the echt ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After verbalize withKosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbors shallow water made an attack of this nature very close to impossible Onsihi then sought the advice of Commanderand planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said the plan is difficul t but not impossible. During the neighboring couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamotos rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in wind up secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. ixAlthough bombing the United States Pacific Fleet date they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws The ships that would be targeted would be drop or change in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to debt instrument (as six of the eight battleships eventually were) and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leavewhich means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pear l Harbor began to be referred to asOperation Z, named after the famous Z signal devoted by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret nearKagoshima Cityon the Japanese island ofKyushu. Genda chose this location because the geographics and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the said(prenominal) problems bombers would have to track during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each career crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropped into the city, maneuvering around buildings forwards descending to an top of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some ccc yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a to a great extent modif ied version of the type 91 torpedo,which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed superfluousarmor-piercing bombswith fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16inch naval shells. These were able to stuff the more thin armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a JapaneseStriking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,Soryu,Hiryu,Shokaku, andZuikaku) left Japanheadingto a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were suppositional to be used in the attack 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defendingcombat air patrol( uppercase), including nine-spot fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the outset attack wave. The first wave was firing to be the major attack, with the second wave fortune as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave feature the majority of the weapons to attackcapital ships mainly the particularly adaptedType 91aerial torpedoesthat we discussed earlier. xThe attack crews were told to pick the highest regard as targets such as battleships andaircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high visibility ships worry cruisers and destroyers. The plank bomberswere arranged to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sure they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes burn down got low they were legitimate to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were pronounceed to serve CAP duties when needed, e limitedly over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. out front the attack began, two aircraftswere launched from cruisers were sent to scout an d gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. other tetrad planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the project force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. xi The attack on Pearl Harbor unquestionablely took place earlier any imposing declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admirals intention to do this.He originally give tongue to that the attack should not take place until at least xxx minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States that negotiations for peace had come to a close. xiiThe Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the 14-Part Message) in two sections to theJapanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already decode and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The net part of the 14 Part Message is what some call the actual declaration of war. piece of music it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely makeand that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japans newspapers in the evening var. of celestial latitude 8,but it was not delivered to the United States government until the sidereal day after the attack had already taken place. The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included ? inaugural convocation(targets battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50Nakajima B5NKatebombers gird with 800kg (1760lb)armor piercing bombs, organized in quad sections ? 40 B5N bombers arm withType 91 torpedoes, also in tetrad sections ? nd Group (targets get across Islandand wheel horse business line) ? 54Aichi D3AValdive bombers armed with 550lb (249kg) full general mapping bombs ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, neatens Point, Kaneohe) ? 45Mitsubishi A6MZekefighters for air control andstrafing ? 6 planes failed to launch callable to technical foul difficulties. xiii The second wave was 171 planes 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by LieutenantShigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised ? 1st Group 54 B5Ns armed with 550lb (249kg) and 132lb (60kg) general declare oneself bombs ? 27 B5Ns aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? second Group(targets aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550lb (249kg) ge neral purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafingxiv The United States suffered great losings all eight U. S. Navy battleships were disgraced, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, threedestroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,and oneminelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed 2,402 Americans were killedand 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as hearty as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of theintelligence section) were not attacked. xv Japanese losings were light 29 aircraft and fivemidget submarineslost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. unmatched Japanese sailorwas captured. xvi After the attack, 15Medals of Honor, 51Navy Crosses, 53Silver Stars, fourNavy and Marine corps Medals, one howling(a) Flying Cross, fourDistinguished go Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and threeBronze Star Medalswere awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. xviiAlso, a special award, thePearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famousInfamy talking toto a joystick Session of Congress, calling for adeclaration of war on the pudding stone of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On declination 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the like day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winst on Churchill made to declare war within the hour if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a large shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. much losses made the setback even more alarming. Japanattacked the Philippines just a fewer shorthours later but because of the time difference, it was declination 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, thePrince of WalesandRepulse,which were two British ships, were sunkoff the coast ofMalaya, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchilllater said In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in pick out the full iniquity of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in theIndian Oceanor thePacific remove the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and crude. xviii During the rest of the war, P earl Harbor was very often used withAmerican propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to Japanese-American impoundmentcamps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leading were arrested and brought to high-security camps that likeSand Islandand Kilauea Military Camplocated in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. xix As was discussed previously discussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists beginnert accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists ever so make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not rank so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A staple fiber grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelistdoubting Thomas Flemingposes the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not front the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. xx In closing I savor that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World state of war and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior friendship of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. was well covered through out duration of this research. i The effort to establish the Impe rial Way (kodo) had begun with theSecond Sino-Japanese War(calledsei sen, or hallowed war, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of novel Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. ii Japan had fought theFirst Sino-Japanese Warwith China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese Warwith Russia in 1904-05 Japans imperialist ambitions had a establish in set up both conflicts. iii The Second London Naval disarmament Conference undecided inLondon,United Kingdomon 9 December 1935. It resulted in theSecond London Naval Treatywhich was signed on 25 March 1936. iv Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,Chronological history of U.S. alien Relations 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. v TheMarco Polo tide over Incident was abattlebetween the democracy of Chinas National rotatory Armyand theImperial Japanese Army, often used as the cross for the start of theSecond Sino-Japanese War (19371945) vi The Rape of Nanking was amass murder, andwar rapethat occurred during the six-week period following the Japanesecap tureof the city ofNanking, the originator capital of theRepublic of China, on December 13, 1937 during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. vii reciprocal congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor oncoming, Part 40, summon 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting manifest viii Richardson, On the tread-wheel, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, compassionate Smoke, p. 239 ix Prange, Gordon,At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 x Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press xi Tony DiGiulian. club of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xii Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 xiii Prange. p. 102 xiv Prange. p. 102 xv copious Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvi Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvii Prange. p. 454 xviii Churchill, Winston Martin gilbert (2001),D ecember 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War, hatful 3 1941, London, new York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, xix Prange. p. 632 xx Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor nag. History give-and-take Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography PrimaryBurtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor A Research Note.. Australian diary of Politics & History. 57. no. 4 (2011) 580-88. http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 assail At Pearl Harbor, 1941, the Japanese View EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army defend Corps 2nd Lt. , interview by Erica Warren, Army suck recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http//www. nctimes. com/news/ topical anaesthetic/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-de ddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson Fairchild, Byron Engelman, rise C. (2000),7 The Attack on Pearl Harbor,Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. Center of Military History United States Army Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack, publish of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese fall apart on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, upstart Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, scalawag 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence Secondary Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept The untold Sto ry of Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. Order of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.Pearl Harbor A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War IIPearl Harbor A Day of Infamy By Chris Smith World War II altered the face of American history forever. This being a war the United States was greatly against and never wanted to enter, They were thrust into the war by a brutal attack from the Japanese on a Navel base located in the pacific ocean on the island Oahu in what is called Pearl Harbor. This attack on the base was a direct attack against the United States and gave A merica no choice but to enter the war they were originally so opposed to, or were they? Did the American government know that the Japanese were planning an attack?Did the United States allow the Japanese kill and wound several thousand Americans and sink and damage several naval ships all for a reason to enter a war our President longed to be a part of? Those questions along with several more have been raised by authors and thinkers throughout history. These questions along with several more will be examined in depth throughout this writing. The thesis of this paper is as follows, On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise attacks on the U. S.Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second World War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. First, the anticipation of war will be discussed and the events leading to attack. Secondly, the process that the Japanese went through will be discussed, from the year of planning to the secretive launch of their striking force also their already obvious aggression displayed by the invasion of China.Another crucial piece to this puzzle is the Tripartite pact signed by Japan to make them apart of the Axis powers. Also the Japanese fleet and how they were utilized and coordinated in this attack will play a vital part in this description of this devastating attack. Finally the question will be addressed of whether we were aware of the attacks in advance and discuss the conspiracy theories surrounding this hot button issue in World War II history. Tensions between Japan and the United States increased greatly at the start of the military orientedShowa era, as Japanese nationalists and military leaders used escalating influence over government policy, accepting the creation of aGreater East Asia allianceas part of Japans alleged divine rightt o unify all of Asia underEmperor Showas rule,threatening the already-established American, French, British, and Dutch colonies located in Asia. i Throughout the 1930s, Japans increasing expansion policies got them into conflicts with its neighbors, Russia and Chinaii .In March of 1933, Japan removed itself from theLeague of Nationsbecause of international displease for its desire to conquer Manchuriaand for their plans to establish theManchukuopuppet government. On January 15, 1936, Japan also removed representatives from theSecond London Naval Disarmament Conferenceiiibecause the United States and Great Britain did not want to grant theImperial Japanese Navy(IJN) parity with their navies. iv Asecond warbetween the Japanese and Chinese started with theMarco Polo Bridge Incidentin July 1937v.Japans attack on China was looked down upon by the United States and the majority of the members of the League of Nations including Britain, France, Australia, and the Netherlands. The crimes of the Japanese during the conflict such as the Rape of Nankingvi, definitely made relations with the rest of the world very strained. These states had several interests, as well as formal colonies, in the EastandSoutheast Asia. Japans new power and its urge to use it raised great concerns, which threatened the control they had in Asia.In July of 1939, the United States got rid of its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan, but this effort failed to stop Japan from continuing the war in China, or from signing theTripartite Pactin 1940 withHitlers Germanyand Italy, officially forming theAxis Powers. Japan took full advantage of Germanys war in Europe to better its progress in the Far East. The Tripartite Pact promised each of the nations that had signed would have assistance if attacked by any country then considered neutral. This stipulation was directed at the United States, and gave Japan more power on the political stage.The Tripartite Pact now posed a great threat to the United States o n both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Hitler and Mussolini threatening on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Japanese on the Pacific Ocean. The Roosevelt administration felt theAmerican lifestylewould be threatened if Europe and the Far East were to come under control of a dictatorship. Roosevelt pledged to help the British and the Chinese he loaned both money andmaterialsto both countries and promised that America aid would be enough to promise their survival of war. Giving this aid would start to move the United States from a neutral country to a country preparing for war.On October 8, 1940, AdmiralJames O. Richardson, who was the commander of the Pacific Fleet, forced a confrontation with President Roosevelt, resending his messages from previous transmissions toChief of Naval OperationsAdmiralHarold R. Starkand toSecretary of the NavyFrank Knox, that Pearl Harbor was the be best place for his ships to be located. Roosevelt told Richardson that having that fleet in Pearl Harbor was a r estraining influence on the Japanese. Richardson asked the president if the United States was going to war. vii In Richardsons retelling of the account the president responded At least as early as October 8, 1940, President Roosevelt believed that personal business had reached such a state that the United States would be come involved in a war with Japan. that if the Japanese attacked Thailand, or the Kra Peninsula, or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war, that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war, but that they (the Japanese) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner of later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war. . viii In 1940, Japanese troops moved into northernIndochina. The invasion of Indochina, along with the Tripartite Pact, their war in China, increasing troops, and Japans leaving the League of Nations made the U. S. embargo metal that was being shipped to Japan and to tighten down its foreign policy actions towards the Japanese and shut down thePanama Canalto Japanese ships. In 1941, Japanese troops invaded southern Indochina.On July 26 1941 the United States answered by freezing most Japanese assets in the United States and, then on August 1 1941, placed embargos on all of the oil and gas exports to Japan. Oil was the most important resource imported to Japan at the time more than 80 percent of Japans oil imports came from the United States. To make sure they had oil, and several other vital resources, the Japanese had long been looking for other places for their supplies, specifically in theDutch East Indies.The Navy was sure any plan of action to seize the Dutch East Indies would bring the United States into the war and were very skeptical when it came time to agree with the other factions plans for the invasion. The complete United States oil embargo changed to the naval view to support the expansion tow ard support for the invasion of the Dutch East Indies and capture of all of the oil fields there. After the embargoes and the freezing of all assets, the Ambassador of Japan in Washington and the secretary of State Cordell Hull had multiple meetings to try and find a solution to the Japanese-American problems.No solution could be found because of three major problems which were Japans alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact Japan wanted total control and responsibility for Southeast Asia and Japan refused to leave China. Feeling the strain from the U. S. embargoes, Japan developed a sense of urgency, they either had to agree to Washingtons demands and return to normal trade, or use force to gain access to resources that were available throughout the Pacific.Deciding that agreeing to Washingtons demands was unacceptable The Japanese decided to prepare for war with the United States, and seeing the opportunity of the forward basing of theUS Pacific Fleetat Pearl Harb or, the Japanese began to plan in early 1941 for an attack on Pearl Harbor. For the next several months, planning a simultaneous attack on Pearl Harbor and invasion of British and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific occupied most of the Japanese time and attention.The Pearl Harbor attack planning came from the Japanese predicting that the United States would be drawn into the war after the Japanese attacked Malaya and Singapore. The intent of a strike on Pearl Harbor was to negate the American navy in the Pacific, in turn removing it from dictating operations against American, British, and Dutch colonies in the South Pacific. Planning in the beginning had seen a battle between the two powers would take place in Japanese waters after the United States Navel Fleet traveled across the Pacific Ocean, which would come under attack by submarines and other forces all the way across.The United States Fleet would be beaten in a climactic battle. A surprise attack presented a difficult proble m for two major reasons. First, the United States Pacific Fleet was a major force, and they would not be a pushover to defeat or sneak up on. Second, for an air attack, Pearl Harbors shallow waters made the use of standardair-dropped torpedoesuseless. On the bright side, the isolation of the island of Hawaii meant that a surprise attack could not be stopped or countered quickly by forces stationed in the continental United States.A lot of Japans naval officers were very impressed with the BritishOperation Judgement, where twenty one old and outdatedFairey Swordfishcrippled half of theRegia Marina. Admiral Yamamoto went as far as sending a delegation to Italy, which decided that a version of Cunninghams strike on a much larger scale could force the United States Pacific Fleet to have to return to bases in California, which would give the Japanese time to put a barrier defense in place to defend the Japanese control of the Dutch East Indies.The delegation returned from Italy with info rmation on how the Cunningham engineers devised shallow-running torpedoes. Japans navel planners were without a doubt influenced by AdmiralTogos surprise attack that was executed on the Pacific Fleet of Russiaat Port Arthur in 1905, and also they were influenced by U. S. AdmiralHarry Yarnells work in the 1932 joint Army-Navy exercises, which was used to simulate an invasion of the island of Hawaii. Yarnell, as the leader of the force that was attacking the island, placed his aircraft carriers northwest f Oahu and simulated an air attack. The umpires of the exercises noted that Yarnells aircraft were able to impose serious damage on the defending team, who for 24 hours after the attack were not able to find his team. In a letter that was written on January 7, 1941 Yamamoto finally delivered a somewhat rough draft of his plan toKoshiro Oikawa, then Navy Minister, who he also asked that he be made Commander in Chief of the air fleet to carry out the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A co uple of weeks later in another letter, this time sent toTakijiro Onishi, chief of staff of the Eleventh Air Fleet, Yamamoto asked Onishi to study the actual ability successfully carrying out an attack against the American base. After speaking withKosei Maeda originally, an expert on aerial torpedo warfare, and being told that harbors shallow waters made an attack of this nature very close to impossible Onsihi then sought the advice of Commanderand planner Minoru Genda.Once Genda studied the original plan issued by Yamamoto, Genda said the plan is difficult but not impossible. During the next couple weeks, Genda made some changes to Yamamotos rough draft of the attack, stressing the importance of the attack being executed early in the morning and in complete secrecy, using an aircraft carrier fleet and many different types of bombing. ixAlthough bombing the United States Pacific Fleet while they were anchored in Pearl Harbor would be a surprise, it also had two large flaws The ships that would be targeted would be sunk or damaged in the shallow water waters of the harbor, which would mean that they could possibly be salvaged and possibly returned to duty (as six of the eight battleships eventually were) and most of the crews would be able to live through the attack, since the majority would be on leavewhich means they would be on shore or that most could be easily rescued from the harbor after the attack took place.Despite these concerns, Yamamoto and Genda pressed ahead. By April of 1941, the plan to attack Pearl Harbor began to be referred to asOperation Z, named after the famous Z signal given by Admiral Togo at Tsushima. Throughout the summer of 1941 leading up to the attack, pilots were training in secret nearKagoshima Cityon the Japanese island ofKyushu. Genda chose this location because the geography and infrastructure of Kagoshima City presented almost all of the same problems bombers would have to overcome during the attack on Pearl Harbor.In training, each flight crew navigated over the 5000-foot mountain behind Kagoshima City and dropped into the city, maneuvering around buildings before descending to an altitude of 25 feet at the oceans edge. Bombardiers dropped torpedoes at some 300 yards away. The skimming of the water did not fix the problem of torpedoes hitting the ocean floor in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Japanese engineers developed modifications allowing successful shallow water drops. The engineers work turned out to be a heavily modified version of theType 91 torpedo,which turned out to inflict most of the damage to ships during the attack.Japanese weapon engineers also developed specialarmor-piercing bombswith fitted fins and release shackles to 14 and 16inch naval shells. These were able to pierce the more lightly armored decks of the older battleships still in service. On November 26, 1941, a JapaneseStriking Force of six aircraft carriers (Akagi, Kaga,Soryu,Hiryu,Shokaku, andZuikaku) left Japanheadingto a predetermined position that was northwest of Hawaii, with the intention to launch its planes to execute the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.A total of 408 aircraft were supposed to be used in the attack 360 for the two attack waves, 48 on defensivecombat air patrol(CAP), including nine fighters that would serve double duty on CAP and the first attack wave. The first wave was going to be the major attack, with the second wave serving as a way to finish whatever objectives remained to be completed. The first wave featured the majority of the weapons to attackcapital ships mainly the specially adaptedType 91aerial torpedoesthat we discussed earlier. xThe attack crews were told to pick the highest value targets such as battleships andaircraft carriers or, if they were not available, any other high profile ships like cruisers and destroyers. The dive bomberswere ordered to attack ground targets. Fighter pilots were told to strafe and destroy as many grounded aircraft as possible to make sure they did not get into the air to attack the bombers, specifically during the first wave. When the planes fuel got low they were ordered to return to the aircraft carriers to refuel, then immediately return to the attack.Fighters were ordered to serve CAP duties when needed, especially over the US airfields where the United States planes were grounded. Before the attack began, two aircraftswere launched from cruisers were sent to scout and gain information over Oahu and report on the composition of the fleet and their exact location. Another four planes scouted the area between the Japanese carrier force in order to prevent the task force from being caught by a surprise counterattack. xi The attack on Pearl Harbor actually took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but it was not the Admirals intention to do this.He originally stated that the attack should not take place until at least thirty minutes after Japan had formally notified the United States th at negotiations for peace had come to a close. xiiThe Japanese tried to play by the rules of war while still making the attack a surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered and translated. Japan sent the 5,000-word declairation of war (commonly called the 14-Part Message) in two sections to theJapanese Embassy in Washington, but translating the message took too long for it to be delivered in time. In fact, U. S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it. ). The final part of the 14 Part Message is what some call the actual declaration of war. While it did not declare war nor did it end diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a large number of senior U. S government officials as a very strong indication that negotiations were likely doneand that war was going to erupt at any moment.A declaration of war from Japan was printed on the front page of Japans newspapers in the evening edition of December 8,but it was not delivered to the United States government until the day after the attack had already taken place. The first attack wave consisted of 183 planes that were launched north of Oahu, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It included ? 1st Group(targets battleships and aircraft carriers) ? 50Nakajima B5NKatebombers armed with 800kg (1760lb)armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections ? 40 B5N bombers armed withType 91 torpedoes, also in four sections ? nd Group (targetsFord IslandandWheeler Field) ? 54Aichi D3AValdive bombers armed with 550lb (249kg)general purpose bombs ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 45Mitsubishi A6MZekefighters for air control andstrafing ? Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties. xiii The second wave was 171 planes 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, led by LieutenantShigekazu Shimazaki. Four of the planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.This wave and its targets comprised ? 1st Group 54 B5Ns armed with 550lb (249kg) and 132lb (60kg) general purpose bombs ? 27 B5Ns aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point ? 27 B5Ns hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field ? 2nd Group(targets aircraft carriers and cruisers) ? 81 D3As armed with 550lb (249kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections ? 3rd Group (targets aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) ? 36 A6Ms for defense and strafingxiv The United States suffered great losses all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being sunk. Of the eight damaged six were raised, repaired and returned to service later in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, threedestroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,and oneminelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed 2,402 Americans were killedand 1,282 wounded. The power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the sub marine piers and headquarters building (also home of theintelligence section) were not attacked. xv Japanese losses were light 29 aircraft and fivemidget submarineslost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailorwas captured. xvi After the attack, 15Medals of Honor, 51Navy Crosses, 53Silver Stars, fourNavy and Marine Corps Medals, oneDistinguished Flying Cross, fourDistinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and threeBronze Star Medalswere awarded to the American military men who served in combat at Pearl Harbor. xviiAlso, a special award, thePearl Harbor Commemorative Medal, was later made and given to all military veterans of the attack. The day following the attack, Roosevelt gave his now famousInfamy Speechto aJoint Session of Congress, calling for adeclaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress granted this request in less than an hour. On December 11 1941 Germany and Italy, honoring the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the United States. The United States Congress issued a declaration of war later the same day against Germany and Italy.Britain declared war on the Japanese some nine hours before the United States did, mostly because of the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and also due to the promise that Winston Churchill made to declare war within the hour if the Japanese executed an attack against the United States. The attack was a huge shock to the Allies in the Pacific Theater. More losses made the setback even more alarming. Japanattacked the Philippines just a few shorthours later but because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines.Just a few days after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, thePrince of WalesandRepulse,which were two British ships, were sunkoff the coast ofMalaya, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchilllater said In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in theIndian Oceanor thePacificexcept the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California.Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked. xviii During the rest of the war, Pearl Harbor was very often used withAmerican propaganda to promote the war. Another huge reaction by America because of the attacks on Pearl Harbor was that most of the Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to Japanese-American internmentcamps. Just a few short hours after the attack, hundreds of Japanese American leaders were arrested and brought to high-security camps that likeSand Islandand Kilauea Military Camplocated in Hawaii.Later, over 110,000 Japanese Americans, this includes United States citizens, were yanked from their homes and transferred to these high security internment camps in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. xix As was discussed previously disc ussed, was America aware of the plans of the attack? Several theorists dont accept the view that Pearl Harbor was a complete surprise and these theorists always make clear that Roosevelt wanted, though did not say so officially, the U. S. to play a part in the war against Germany.A basic grip of the political situation of 1941 displays reasonable evidence Roosevelt invited, allowed, or even knew of the Pearl Harbor attack. Military historian and novelistThomas Flemingposes the argument that President Roosevelt himself, had wished that Germany or Japan would make the first blow, but did not expect the United States to be hit as hard as it was in the attack on Pearl Harbor. xx In closing I feel that the United States was aware of this devastating attack and that my thesis of On December 7, 1941 The United States of America changed forever with Japans surprise attacks on the U.S. Navel base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. These attacks thrust the United States into the middle of the Second Wo rld War and raised many questions and conspiracies pertaining to prior knowledge of the attacks and the plans that the Japanese executed. was well covered through out duration of this research. i The effort to establish the Imperial Way (kodo) had begun with theSecond Sino-Japanese War(calledsei sen, or holy war, by Japan). Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. ii Japan had fought theFirst Sino-Japanese Warwith China in 1894-95 and the Russo-Japanese Warwith Russia in 1904-05 Japans imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts. iii The Second London Naval Disarmament Conference opened inLondon,United Kingdomon 9 December 1935. It resulted in theSecond London Naval Treatywhich was signed on 25 March 1936. iv Lester H. Brune and Richard Dean Burns,Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations 1932-1988, 2003, p. 504. v TheMarco Polo Bridge Incident was abattlebetween theRepublic of Chinas National Revolutionary Armyand theImpe rial Japanese Army, often used as the marker for the start of theSecond Sino-Japanese War (19371945) vi The Rape of Nanking was amass murder, andwar rapethat occurred during the six-week period following the Japanesecaptureof the city ofNanking, the former capital of theRepublic of China, on December 13, 1937 during theSecond Sino-Japanese War. vii Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, Conclusions Restated With Supporting Evidence viii Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke, p. 239 ix Prange, Gordon,At Dawn We Slept, Penguin Books, p. 25-27 x Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press xi Tony DiGiulian. Order of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xii Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 52 xiii Prange. p. 102 xiv Prange. p. 102 xv Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestv irginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvi Full Pearl Harbor casualty list. Usswestvirginia. org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. xvii Prange. p. 454 xviii Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, xix Prange. p. 632 xx Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Bibliography PrimaryBurtness, Paul, and Warren Ober. President Roosevelt, Admiral Stark, and the Unsent Warning to Pearl Harbor A Research Note.. Australian Journal of Politics & History. 57. no. 4 (2011) 580-88. http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. ohiolink. edu9099/ehost/detail? vid=4&hid=113&emailprotected&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==, Retrieved 2012-02-21 Attack At Pearl Harbor, 1941, the Japanese View EyeWitness to History, www. eyewitnesstohistory. com (2001). Retrieved 2012-03-01 Harriet Moore, (U. S. Army Nurse Corps 2nd Lt. , interview by Erica Warren, Army nurse recalls attack on Pearl Harbor,North County Times, December 7, 2003, January 31, 2012, http//www. nctimes. com/news/local/article_85b4ea10-e9c2-5af7-8e74-deddc726aa5b. html. Conn, Stetson Fairchild, Byron Engelman, Rose C. (2000),7 The Attack on Pearl Harbor,Guarding the United States and Its Outposts, Washington D. C. Center of Military History United States Army Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack,Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Washington D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1946, retrieved 2012-02-08 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942 Churchill, Winston Martin Gilbert (2001),December 1941,The Churchill War Papers The Ever-Widening War,Volume 3 1941, London, New York W. W. Norton, p 15931594, Joint Congressional Hearings on the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 40, Page 506, Conclusions Restated With Supportin g Evidence Secondary Bix, Herbert,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, p. 326-327. Prange, Gordon.At Dawn We Slept The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981. Fleming, Thomas (2001-06-10). Pearl Harbor Hype. History News Network. Retrieved 2012-02-21. Richardson, On the Treadmill, pp. 425, 434. And as recounted in Baker, Human Smoke Peattie, Mark R. (2001),Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 19091941, Naval Institute Press Calvocoressiet al. ,The Penguin History of the Second World War, p. 952 Tony DiGiulian. Order of Battle Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941. Navweaps. com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.